slow optics

1) оптика (1. наука 2. оптические приборы)

2) оптическая система

1) Общая лексика: superior oblique muscle, верхняя косая мышца, Serviced Office ( обслуживаемый офисный центр) (например: one of the top Serviced Offices (SO) operators - один из ведущих российских операторов в сфере обслуживания офисных центров)

2) Компьютерная техника: Scene Object, Self Organizing, Shared Object, Shared Objects, switching office

3) Медицина: sham-operated

4) Американизм: Stem Only harvest

5) Военный термин: Silent Observer, Superseded Or Obsolete, scouting-observation, secretary's office, secretary's order, security office, security officer, senior officer, signal officer, signal order, special operations, special order, staff officer, stockage objectives, strategic outline, supply office, supply officer, support operations, surveillance officer, system orientation, system override

6) Техника: Second Order, Signal Oscillator, selected order, send only, shift-out character, shutoff, signal office, slow-operated, small-outline package, space optics system, supervising operator

7) Железнодорожный термин: South Orient

8) Юридический термин: Shoot Out

9) Грубое выражение: Stupid Oaf

10) Металлургия: spheroidal graphite

11) Политика: Somalia

12) Телевидение: serial-data out

13) Телекоммуникации: Serving Office

14) Сокращение: Somali, Space Opera, Staff Officer Air (Air), Stationery Office, Strike Out, sub-office, Supply Officer (UK; S; Stores), slow operate (relay), Small Outline package, Stack Overflow, ОО (от Sub-office (Операционный офис); от Service-office (Отдел обслуживания))

15) Университет: Student Orientation

16) Физиология: Supraorbital, Sutures Out

17) Электроника: Slow Operate, Small Outline (package)

18) Вычислительная техника: shift out, significant other, переход на верхний регистр

19) Нефть: shake out, show of oil, south offset, признаки нефти (shows of oil)

20) Банковское дело: опцион продавца (seller's option)

21) Транспорт: Straight On

22) Экология: shows of oil

23) Энергетика: system operator, системный оператор, СО

24) СМИ: Sold Out

25) Деловая лексика: Special Offer, Supporting Organization

26) Бурение: ближайший в южном направлении (south offset), удалённая твёрдая фаза (shake out; с помощью вибросита)

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: oil saturation, sales office, заказ на услуги (Service Order)

28) ЕБРР: sovereign operation

29) Полупроводники: spin-split-off

30) Сахалин Р: Service Order

31) Океанография: The Source Of

32) Сахалин А: sealed open

33) Безопасность: Sign Out

34) Расширение файла: Shared object (Fortran 90)

35) Нефть и газ: switch output

36) Электротехника: scheduled outage, self-oscillation

37) Печатные платы: Small Outline

38) Чат: Shout Out

39) NYSE. Southern Company

1) Общая лексика: superior oblique muscle, верхняя косая мышца, Serviced Office ( обслуживаемый офисный центр) (например: one of the top Serviced Offices (SO) operators - один из ведущих российских операторов в сфере обслуживания офисных центров)

2) Компьютерная техника: Scene Object, Self Organizing, Shared Object, Shared Objects, switching office

3) Медицина: sham-operated

4) Американизм: Stem Only harvest

5) Военный термин: Silent Observer, Superseded Or Obsolete, scouting-observation, secretary's office, secretary's order, security office, security officer, senior officer, signal officer, signal order, special operations, special order, staff officer, stockage objectives, strategic outline, supply office, supply officer, support operations, surveillance officer, system orientation, system override

6) Техника: Second Order, Signal Oscillator, selected order, send only, shift-out character, shutoff, signal office, slow-operated, small-outline package, space optics system, supervising operator

7) Железнодорожный термин: South Orient

8) Юридический термин: Shoot Out

9) Грубое выражение: Stupid Oaf

10) Металлургия: spheroidal graphite

11) Политика: Somalia

12) Телевидение: serial-data out

13) Телекоммуникации: Serving Office

14) Сокращение: Somali, Space Opera, Staff Officer Air (Air), Stationery Office, Strike Out, sub-office, Supply Officer (UK; S; Stores), slow operate (relay), Small Outline package, Stack Overflow, ОО (от Sub-office (Операционный офис); от Service-office (Отдел обслуживания))

15) Университет: Student Orientation

16) Физиология: Supraorbital, Sutures Out

17) Электроника: Slow Operate, Small Outline (package)

18) Вычислительная техника: shift out, significant other, переход на верхний регистр

19) Нефть: shake out, show of oil, south offset, признаки нефти (shows of oil)

20) Банковское дело: опцион продавца (seller's option)

21) Транспорт: Straight On

22) Экология: shows of oil

23) Энергетика: system operator, системный оператор, СО

24) СМИ: Sold Out

25) Деловая лексика: Special Offer, Supporting Organization

26) Бурение: ближайший в южном направлении (south offset), удалённая твёрдая фаза (shake out; с помощью вибросита)

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: oil saturation, sales office, заказ на услуги (Service Order)

28) ЕБРР: sovereign operation

29) Полупроводники: spin-split-off

30) Сахалин Р: Service Order

31) Океанография: The Source Of

32) Сахалин А: sealed open

33) Безопасность: Sign Out

34) Расширение файла: Shared object (Fortran 90)

35) Нефть и газ: switch output

36) Электротехника: scheduled outage, self-oscillation

37) Печатные платы: Small Outline

38) Чат: Shout Out

39) NYSE. Southern Company

- method of edge waves

- access method

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.

In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Although born in Hungary, Petzval was the son of German schoolteacher. He studied engineering at the University of Budapest and after graduation was appointed to the staff as a lecturer. In 1835 he became the University's Professor of Higher Mathematics. Within a year he was offered a similar position at the more prestigious University of Vienna, a chair he was to occupy until 1884.

The earliest photographic cameras were fitted with lenses originally designed for other optical instruments. All were characterized by small apertures, and the long exposures required by the early process were in part due to the "slow" lenses. As early as 1839, Petzval began calculations with the idea of producing a fast achromatic objective for photographic work. For technical advice he turned to the Viennese optician Peter Voigtländer, who went on to make the first Petzval portrait lens in 1840. It had a short focal length but an extremely large aperture for the day, enabling exposure times to be reduced to at least one tenth of that required with other contemporary lenses. The Petzval portrait lens was to become the basic design for years to come and was probably the single most important development in making portrait photography possible; by capturing public imagination, portrait photography was to drive photographic innovation during the early years.

Petzval later fell out with Voigtländer and severed his connection with the company in 1845. When Petzval was encouraged to design a landscape lens in the 1850s, the work was entrusted to another Viennese optician, Dietzler. Using some early calculations by Petzval, Voigtländer was able to produce a similar lens, which he marketed in competition, and an acrimonious dispute ensued. Petzval, embittered by the quarrel and depressed by a burglary which destroyed years of records of his optical work, abandoned optics completely in 1862 and devoted himself to acoustics. He retired from his professorship on his seventieth birthday, respected by his colleagues but unloved, and lived the life of a recluse until his death.

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SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

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At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.

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See also: Demenÿ, Georges

BC / MG

1) электрон

1. selected order - выбранная команда;

2. send only - "только передача";

3. service order - заказ на услуги;

4. shift out - переключение на регистр строчных букв;

5. shift-out character - знак возвращения к новой последовательности; символ перехода на верхний регистр;

6. shows of oil - признаки нефти;

7. shutoff - отсечка;

8. signal office - отдел связи;

9. slow-operated - медленно действующий;

10. small-outline package - малогабаритный корпус транзисторного типа; малогабаритный корпус; корпус типа SO;

11. source - источник;

12. space optics system - космическая оптическая система;

13. stack overflow - переполнение стека;

14. supervising operator - контролирующий оператор

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Maddox studied medicine, but dogged by ill health he travelled widely, eventually settling in Constantinople (now Istanbul), where he married in 1849. After further migrations, Maddox returned to England in the 1870s. He had become interested in photography and was awarded medals for his photomicrographs. Searching for a substitute for collodion to hold the sensitive silver salts, Maddox devised a gelatine bromide emulsion that gave acceptable results, and he published details in 1871. Gelatine had been tried by earlier experimenters, but the results were poor; the plates made by Maddox were slow and lacked density, but they pointed the way to the modern gelatine halide emulsions which continued to form the basis of photographic emulsions in the 1990s.

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